Захватчики - Страница 74

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Это наблюдение было сделано Кертисом Марином в личном разговоре со мной 27 января 2014 г.

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См., например, O. Bar-Yosef and J.-G. Bordes, «Who Were the Makers of the Chatelperronian Culture?» Journal of Human Evolution 59 (2010): 586–593; T. Higham, R. Jacobi, M. Julien et al., «Chronology of the Grotte du Renne (France) and Implications for the Context of Ornaments and Human Remains within the Chatelperronian,» Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences USA 107 (2010): 20234–20239.

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P. Shipman, не опубликовано. Убрав данные, основанные на шательперонских стоянках, я получила следующие оценки: количество стоянок: N = 26 мустьерских и 147 ориньякских. Пересчитанная плотность распределения орудий, шт/м2/1000 лет: для девяти мустьерских стоянок среднее значение составляет 6,6; для 12 ориньякских – 1,76. Тест Манна – Уитни показывает, что это отличие статистически значимо, значение параметра p < 0,002. Масса мяса: для мустьерских стоянок нет данных, поэтому невозможно провести статистическое сравнение с ориньякскими стоянками, для которых среднее значение (по 15 стоянкам) составляет 152,8 кг. Площадь стоянок: средняя площадь пяти мустьерских стоянок составляет 110 м2, тогда как средняя площадь 12 ориньякских стоянок равна 243,8 м2. Хотя ориньякские стоянки очевидно больше по размерам, чем мустьерские, статистическое сравнение лишено смысла из-за влияния многих факторов на площадь раскопок (финансирование, количество исследователей в группе, проводившей раскопки, географические факторы). За дополнительными разъяснениями по процедуре и сравнениями можно обратиться к статье Мелларс и Френч «Десятикратное увеличение популяции» (Mellars and French, «Tenfold Population Increase»).

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B. Hockett and J. Haws, «Nutritional Ecology and the Human Demography of Neandertal Extinction,» Quaternary International 137 (2005): 21–34, doi: 10.1016/j. quaint. 2004.11.017; B. Hockett, «The Consequence of Middle Paleolithic Diets on Pregnant Neandertal Women,» Quaternary International 264 (2011): 78–82; L. Dalen, L. Orlando, B. Shapiro et al., «Partial Genetic Turnover in Neanderthals: Continuity in the East and Population Replacement in the West,» Molecular Biology and Evolution 29 (2012): 1893–1897.

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N. Conard, «The Demise of the Neanderthal Cultural Niche and the Beginning of the Upper Paleolithic in Southwestern Germany,» in Neanderthal Lifeways, Subsistence, and Technology: One Hundred Fifty Years of Neanderthal Study, eds. N. Conard and J. Richter (New York: Springer, 2011), 228.

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N. Conard, «Changing View of the Relationship between Neanderthals and Modern Humans,» in When Neanderthals and Modern Humans Met, ed. N. Conard (Tubingen: Verlag, 2006), 11.

127

Higham et al., «The Timing and Spatio-Temporal Patterning.»

128

D. Adler, O. Bar-Yosef, A. Belfer-Cohen et al., «Dating the Demise: Neanderthal Extinction and the Establishment of Modern Humans in the Southern Caucasus,» Journal of Human Evolution 55 (2008): 817–833; Pinhasa etal., «Revised Age of Late Neanderthal Occupation»; J.-M. Lopez-Garcia, H.-A. Blain, M. Bennasar et al., «Heinrich Event 4 Characterized by Terrestrial Proxies in South-western Europe,» Climate of the Past 9 (2013): 1053–1064.